Compounds that contain more than two elements but are named like binary compounds.
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Effective Nuclear Charge
The nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons of an atom, the actual nuclear charge minus the effects of shielding due to inner-shell electrons.
Example: Set of dx2-y2 and dz2 orbitals, those d orbitals within a set with lobes directed along the x-, y-, and z-axes.
Chain Reaction
A reaction that, once initiated, sustains itself and expands. This is a reaction in which reactive species, such as radicals, are produced in more than one step. These reactive species, radicals, propagate the chain reaction.
Excited State
Any state other than the ground state of an atom or molecule.
Dry Cells
Ordinary batteries (voltaic cells) for flashlights. radios, and so on, many are Leclanche cells.
Hydration
Reaction of a substance with water.
Sigma Orbital
Molecular orbital resulting from head-on overlap of two atomic orbitals.
Law of Definite Proportions (Law of Constant Composition)
The law stating that a pure substance will always have the same percent by weight. Different samples of a pure compound always contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass.
Aldehyde
Compound in which an alkyl or aryl group and a hydrogen atom are attached to a carbonyl group and a hydrogen atom are attached to a carbonyl group, general formula, O-R-C-H
Reaction Stoichiometry
Description of the quantitative relationships among substances as they participate in chemical reactions.
Dextrorotatory
Refers to an optically active substance that rotates the plane of plane polarized light clockwise, also called dextro.
