A natural deposit containing a mineral of an element to be extracted.
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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
It is impossible to determine accurately both the momentum and position of an electron simultaneously.
Oxidation
An algebraic increase in the oxidation number, may correspond to a loss of electrons.
Gem-dimethyl group
Two methyl groups of the same carbon atom.
Fossil Fuels
Substances consisting largely of hydrocarbons, derived from decay of organic materials under geological conditions of high pressure and temperature (metamorphism) include coal, petroleum, natural gas, peat and oil shale. For further information see Fuel Chemistry
Effective Nuclear Charge
The nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons of an atom, the actual nuclear charge minus the effects of shielding due to inner-shell electrons.
Example: Set of dx2-y2 and dz2 orbitals, those d orbitals within a set with lobes directed along the x-, y-, and z-axes.
Secondary Standard
A solution that has been titrated against a primary standard. A standard solution is a secondary standard.
Amphiprotism
Ability of a substance to exhibit amphiprotism by accepting donated protons.
High Spin Complex
Crystal field designation for an outer orbital complex, all t2g and eg orbitals are singly occupied before any pairing occurs.
Period
The elements in a horizontal row of the periodic table.
Flotation
Method by which hydrophobic (water-repelling) particles of an ore are separated from hydrophilic (water-attracting) particles of a metallurgical pretreatment process.
