The nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons of an atom, the actual nuclear charge minus the effects of shielding due to inner-shell electrons.
Example: Set of dx2-y2 and dz2 orbitals, those d orbitals within a set with lobes directed along the x-, y-, and z-axes.
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Condensation
Liquefaction of vapor.
Ideal Gas Law
The product of pressure and the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas and the absolute temperature.
Dextrorotatory
Refers to an optically active substance that rotates the plane of plane polarized light clockwise, also called dextro.
Hydration Energy
The energy change accompanying the hydration of a mole of gase and ions.
Theoretical Yield
Maximum amount of a specified product that could be obtained from specified amounts of reactants, assuming complete consumption of limiting reactant according to only one reaction and complete recovery of product.
Endothermic
Describes processes that absorb heat energy.
Alkali Metals
Metals of Group IA (Na, K, Rb).
Composition Stoichiometry
Descibes the quantitative (mass) relationships among elements in compounds.
Haber Process
A process for the catalyzed industrial production of ammonia from N2 and H2 at high temperature and pressure.
Excited State
Any state other than the ground state of an atom or molecule.
