The nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons of an atom, the actual nuclear charge minus the effects of shielding due to inner-shell electrons.
Example: Set of dx2-y2 and dz2 orbitals, those d orbitals within a set with lobes directed along the x-, y-, and z-axes.
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Equilibrium Constant
A quantity that characterizes the position of equilibrium for a reversible reaction, its magnitude is equal to the mass action expression at equilibrium. K varies with temperature.
Ionic Geometry
The arrangement of atoms (not lone pairs of electrons) about the central atom of a polyatomic ion.
Physical Change
A change in which a substance changes from one physical state to another but no substances with different composition are formed. Example Gas to Liquid - Solid.
Bonding Pair
Pair of electrons involved in a covalent bond.
Resonance
The concept in which two or more equivalent dot formulas for the same arrangement of atoms (resonance structures) are necessary to describe the bonding in a molecule or ion.
Crystal Field Stabilization Energy
A measure of the net energy of stabilization gained by a metal ion's nonbonding d electrons as a result of complex formation.
Hydrolysis
The reaction of a substance with water or its ions.
Actinides
Elements 89 to 103 (between lawrencium and actinium) on the periodic table. Only the first four have been found in nature in appreciable amounts. The remainder have been produced synthetically.
Avogadro's Law
At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules.
Crystal Lattice
A pattern of arrangement of particles in a crystal.
