The nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons of an atom, the actual nuclear charge minus the effects of shielding due to inner-shell electrons.
Example: Set of dx2-y2 and dz2 orbitals, those d orbitals within a set with lobes directed along the x-, y-, and z-axes.
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Frasch Process
Method by which elemental sulfur is mined or extracted. Sulfur is melted with superheated water (at 170°C under high pressure) and forced to the surface of the earth as a slurry.
Essential Oil
A plant extract that has a distinctive odour or flavour.
Half-Reaction
Either the oxidation part or the reduction part of a redox reaction.
Carbonium ion
An orgainic ion carrying a positive charge on a carbon atom.
Silicones
Polymeric organosilicon compounds, contain individual or cross-linked Si-O chains or rings in which some oxygens of SiO4 tetrahedra are replaced by other groups.
Specific Heat
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance one degree Celsius.
xylene
Any of three oily, colorless, water-insoluble, flammable, toxic, isomeric liquids, C8H10, of the benzene series, obtained mostly from coal tar: used chiefly in the manufacture of dyes.
Method of Initial Rates
Method of determining the rate-law expression by carrying out a reaction with different initial concentrations and analyzing the resultant changes in initial rates.
Cis-
The prefix used to indicate that groups are located on the same side of a bon about which rotation is restricted.
Suspension
A heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles settle out of solvent-like phase some time after their introduction.
