The nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons of an atom, the actual nuclear charge minus the effects of shielding due to inner-shell electrons.
Example: Set of dx2-y2 and dz2 orbitals, those d orbitals within a set with lobes directed along the x-, y-, and z-axes.
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What are Compound Microscopes?
Most of the microscopes used today are compound. A compound microscope features two or more lenses. A hollow cylinder called the tube connects the two lenses. The top lens, the one people look through, is called the eyepiece. The bottom lens is known as the objective lens. Below the two lenses is...
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Use of diamonds
Diamond is a crystalline modification of pure carbon formed in the deep interior of the Earth, in the upper mantle at depths of more than 80-100 kilometers, at exceptionally high pressure and temperature. It is the most precious stone, the hardest and most wear-resistant mineral, the most...
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Chemistry of the sky
Chemistry can teach us about the composition of celestial bodies and determine their age.
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Creating Malachite egg
One of the most interesting and obvious chemical experiments is the experiment on the interaction of copper sulfate and calcium carbonate. The latter is contained in the shell of a simple egg, but copper sulphate should be searched in a chemical reagent store. This experience is simple, but...
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Ozone
We breathe 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, consuming about 25 kg of air every day. It turns out that we practically predetermine our health by the air we breathe.
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Varieties of garnet minerals
The most famous type of garnet stone is pyrope (flaming). This is the "oldest of garnets", with a dense red color, similar to the grain of an edible garnet. Pyrope has a variety called rhodolite - a stone of dense pink or pink-purple color, which sometimes has the alexandrite effect and is used in elite jewelry.
Paramagnetism
Attraction toward a magnetic field, stronger than diamagnetism, but still weak compared to ferromagnetism.
Actinides
Elements 89 to 103 (between lawrencium and actinium) on the periodic table. Only the first four have been found in nature in appreciable amounts. The remainder have been produced synthetically.
Chain Termination Step
The combination of two radicals, which removes the reactive species that propagate the change reaction.
Endothermicity
The absorption of heat by a system as the process occurs.
Disproportionation Reactions
Redox reactions in which the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent are the same species.
Anion
A negative ion, an atom or goup of atoms that has gained one or more electrons.
Lone Pair
Pair of electrons residing on one atom and not shared by other atoms, unshared pair.
Molecular Weight
The mass of one molecule of a nonionic substance in atomic mass units.
Chemical Kinetics
The study of rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions and of the factors on which they depend.
