The nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons of an atom, the actual nuclear charge minus the effects of shielding due to inner-shell electrons.
Example: Set of dx2-y2 and dz2 orbitals, those d orbitals within a set with lobes directed along the x-, y-, and z-axes.
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Percentage Ionization
The percentage of the weak electrolyte that ionizes in a solution of given concentration.
Law of Conservation of Matter
There is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary chemical reaction.
Copper
Discovered : known to ancient civilisations
Origin : The name is derived from 'Cuprum', the Latin name for Cyprus.
Saturated Solution
Solution in which no more solute will dissolve.
Features of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented by Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig in the 1980s still manages to do a great job today and competes with more advanced microscope types.
The scanning tunneling microscope is used for studying the surface atoms that are found on various materials. The device is based on a complex process of "tunneling" electrons between the material and the tip of a probe.
Isomorphous
Refers to crystals having the same atomic arrangement.
Hydration
Reaction of a substance with water.
Control Rods
Rods of materials such as cadmium or boron steel that act as neutron obsorbers (not merely moderaters) used in nuclear reactors to control neutron fluxes and therfore rates of fission.
xanthate
A salt or ester of xanthic acid. Many xanthates have a yellow color. Xanthates are used as flotation agents in mineral processing.
Boiling Point Elevation
The increase in the boiling point of a solvent caused by the dissolution of a nonvolatile solute.
