The nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons of an atom, the actual nuclear charge minus the effects of shielding due to inner-shell electrons.
Example: Set of dx2-y2 and dz2 orbitals, those d orbitals within a set with lobes directed along the x-, y-, and z-axes.
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Homologous Series
A series of compounds in which each member differs from the next by a specific number and kind of atoms.
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Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
One twelfth of a mass of an atom of the carbon-12 isotope, a unit used for stating atomic and formula weights, also called dalton.
Heterogeneous Equilibria
Equilibria involving species in more than one phase.
Quantum Mechanics
Mathematical method of treating particles on the basis of quantum theory, which assumes that energy (of small particles) is not infinitely divisible.
Hydrate Isomers
Isomers of crystalline complexes that differ in whether water is present inside or outside the coordination sphere.
Kinetic Energy
Energy that matter processes by virtue of its motion.
Reaction Quotient
The mass action expression under any set of conditions (not necessarily equlibrium), its magnitude relative to K determines the direction in which the reaction must occur to establish equilibrium.
Equation of State
An equation that describes the behavior of matter in a given state, the van der Waals equation describes the behavior of the gaseous state.
Intermolecular Forces
Forces between individual particles (atoms, molecules, ions) of a substance.
