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Refers to the separation of charge between two covalently bonded atoms.

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Bronsted-Lowry Base

A proton acceptor

Atomic Number


Integral number of protons in the nucleus, defines the identity of element.
 

Hund's Rule

All orbitals of a given sublevel must be occupied by single electrons before pairing begins.

Equilibrium or Chemical Equilibrium

A state of dynamic balance in which the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, the state of a system when neither forward or reverse reaction is thermodynamically favored.

xanthate

A salt or ester of xanthic acid. Many xanthates have a yellow color. Xanthates are used as flotation agents in mineral processing.

Artificial Transmutation

An artificially induced nuclear reaction caused by the bombardment of a nucleus with subatomic particiles or small nucei.

Varieties of garnet minerals

The most famous type of garnet stone is pyrope (flaming). This is the "oldest of garnets", with a dense red color, similar to the grain of an edible garnet. Pyrope has a variety called rhodolite - a stone of dense pink or pink-purple color, which sometimes has the alexandrite effect and is used in elite jewelry.

Associated Ions

Short-lived species formed by the collision of dissolved ions of opposite charges.

Gamma Ray

High energy electromagnetic radiation. A highly penetrating type of nuclear radiation similar to x-ray radiation, except that it comes from within the nucleus of an atom and has a higher energy. Energywise, very similar to cosmic ray except that cosmic rays originate from outer space.

Strong Electrolyte

A substance that conducts electricity well in a dilute aqueous solution.