Hydrolysis of esters in the presence of strong soluable bases.
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Creating Malachite egg
One of the most interesting and obvious chemical experiments is the experiment on the interaction of copper sulfate and calcium carbonate. The latter is contained in the shell of a simple egg, but copper sulphate should be searched in a chemical reagent store. This experience is simple, but...
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Protein Design: Automated protein discovery and synthesis
In this paper I describe (theoretically) the method(s) of automated protein discovery and synthesis.
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Use of diamonds
Diamond is a crystalline modification of pure carbon formed in the deep interior of the Earth, in the upper mantle at depths of more than 80-100 kilometers, at exceptionally high pressure and temperature. It is the most precious stone, the hardest and most wear-resistant mineral, the most...
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Features of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented by Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig in the 1980s still manages to do a great job today and competes with more advanced microscope types. The scanning tunneling microscope is used for studying the surface atoms that are found on various materials. The...
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What's In Your Beverage? How to Ensure Quality Control with CO2 Analytical Support
Calibration standards, performance audits, and the FDA's never-ending safety, labeling, and inspection requirements are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to dealing with the increasingly stringent quality control standards of the beverage industry. As these quality standards become...
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Paramagnetism
Attraction toward a magnetic field, stronger than diamagnetism, but still weak compared to ferromagnetism.
Boyle's Law
At constant temperature the volume occupied by a definite mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the applied pressure.
Nucleus
The very small, very dense, positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons, as well as other subatomic particles.
Conjugated Double Bonds
Double bonds that are separated from each other by one single bond -C=C-C=C-.
Free Radical
A highly reactive chemical species carrying no charge and having a single unpaired electron in an orbital.
Heat Capacity
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a body (of any mass) one degree Celsius.
Homogeneous Mixture
A mixture which has uniform composition and properties throughout.
Effective Nuclear Charge
The nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons of an atom, the actual nuclear charge minus the effects of shielding due to inner-shell electrons.
Example: Set of dx2-y2 and dz2 orbitals, those d orbitals within a set with lobes directed along the x-, y-, and z-axes.
Ionic Bonding
Chemical bonding resulting from the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom or a group of atoms to another.
Molecular Formula
Formula that indicates the actual number of atoms present in a molecule of a molecular substance.
