A form of energy that flows between two samples of matter because of their differences in temperature.
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Features of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented by Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig in the 1980s still manages to do a great job today and competes with more advanced microscope types. The scanning tunneling microscope is used for studying the surface atoms that are found on various materials. The...
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Protein Design: Automated protein discovery and synthesis
In this paper I describe (theoretically) the method(s) of automated protein discovery and synthesis.
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Chemical Safety
People use chemicals every day for a wide array of purposes, which can include work and house hold duties. Many of us fail to realize that we are actually handling potentially deadly chemicals when we simply clean the bathroom or wash the car. This brings to mind the reason why chemical safety is...
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Chemistry of the sky
Chemistry can teach us about the composition of celestial bodies and determine their age.
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Diamonds Are Forever
Diamonds are still a girl's best friend, right? We love the shiny gems. They are the most popular rocks sold today. But what exactly are they, anyway? Where do they come from? What else are they used for?
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Atomic Radius
Radius of an atom.
S Orbital
A spherically symmetrical atomic orbital, one per energy level.
xenon trioxide
A colorless, nonvolatile solid, XeO3, explosive when dry: in solution it is called xenic acid.
Absolute Entropy (of a substance)
The increase in the entropy of a substance as it goes from a perfectly ordered crystalline form at 0 °K (where its entropy is zero) to the temperature in question.
Entropy is a measure of the “dilution” of thermal energy.
Hydrogenation
The reaction in which hydrogen adds across a double or triple bond.
Formal Charge
A method of counting electrons in a covalently bonded molecule or ion, counts bonding electrons as though they were equally shared between the two atoms.
Mechanism
The sequence of steps by which reactants are converted into products.
Radioactivity
The spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei.
Exothermicity
The release of heat by a system as a process occurs.
Antibonding Orbital
A molecular orbital higher in energy than any of the atomic orbitals from which it is derived, lends instability to a molecule or ion when populated with electrons, denoted with a star (*) superscript or symbol.
