The energy equivalent (E = mc^2) of the mass deficiency of an atom. where: E = is the energy in joules, m is the mass in kilograms, and c is the speed of light in m/s^2
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What's In Your Beverage? How to Ensure Quality Control with CO2 Analytical Support
Calibration standards, performance audits, and the FDA's never-ending safety, labeling, and inspection requirements are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to dealing with the increasingly stringent quality control standards of the beverage industry. As these quality standards become...
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Features of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented by Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig in the 1980s still manages to do a great job today and competes with more advanced microscope types. The scanning tunneling microscope is used for studying the surface atoms that are found on various materials. The...
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Protein Design: Automated protein discovery and synthesis
In this paper I describe (theoretically) the method(s) of automated protein discovery and synthesis.
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Why do copper products change color, and what is the name of the process?
Probably, every person wants to know, why over time the copper turns green and becomes bloomed. This is easy to explain: that film is called patina.
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Chemical Safety
People use chemicals every day for a wide array of purposes, which can include work and house hold duties. Many of us fail to realize that we are actually handling potentially deadly chemicals when we simply clean the bathroom or wash the car. This brings to mind the reason why chemical safety is...
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Combination Reaction
Reaction in which two substances (elements or compounds) combine to form one compound.
Hydration
Reaction of a substance with water.
Continuous Spectrum
Spectrum that contains all wave-lengths in a specified region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Faraday
One faraday of electricity corresponds to the charge on 6.022 x 1023 electrons, or 96,487.301 coulombs.
Electroplating
Plating a metal onto a (cathodic) surface by electrolysis.
Reverse Osmosis
Forcing solvent molecules to flow through a semipermable membrane from a concentated solution into a dilute solution by the application of greater hydrostatic pressure on concentrated side than the osmotic pressure opposing it.
Voltage
Potential difference between two electrodes, a measure of the chemical potential for a redox reaction to occur.
Cloud Chamber
A device for observing the paths of speeding particiles as vapor molecules condense on them to form foglike tracks.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Energy that is propagated by means of electric and magnetic fields that oscillate in directions perpendicular to the direction of travel of the energy.
Liquid Aerosol
Colloidal suspension of liquid in gas.
