A catalyst that exists in a different phase (solid, liquid or gas) from the reactants, a contact catalyst.
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The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented by Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig in the 1980s still manages to do a great job today and competes with more advanced microscope types. The scanning tunneling microscope is used for studying the surface atoms that are found on various materials. The...
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In this paper I describe (theoretically) the method(s) of automated protein discovery and synthesis.
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Diamond is a crystalline modification of pure carbon formed in the deep interior of the Earth, in the upper mantle at depths of more than 80-100 kilometers, at exceptionally high pressure and temperature. It is the most precious stone, the hardest and most wear-resistant mineral, the most...
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One of the most interesting and obvious chemical experiments is the experiment on the interaction of copper sulfate and calcium carbonate. The latter is contained in the shell of a simple egg, but copper sulphate should be searched in a chemical reagent store. This experience is simple, but...
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Supercritical Fluid
A substance at temperature above its critical temperature.
Absorption Spectrum
Spectrum associated with absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms (or other species) resulting from transitions from lower to higher energy states. An absorption spectrum is the inverse of an emission spectrum.
Hydrometer
A device used to measure the densities of liquids and solutions.
Fractional Distillation
The process in which a fractioning column is used in distillation apparatus to separate components of a liquid mixture that have different boiling points.
Heat of Fusion
The amount of heat required to melt one gram of solid at its melting point with no change in temperature. Usually expressed in J/g. The molar heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to melt one mole of a solid at its melting point with no change in temperature and is usually expressed in kJ/mol.
Entropy
A thermodynamic state or property that measures the degree of disorder or randomness of a system.
Domain
A cluster of atoms in a ferromagnetic substance, all of which align in the same direction in the presence of an external magnetic field.
Crystal Lattice Energy
Amount of energy that holds a crystal together, the energy change when a mole of solid is formed from its constituent molecules or ions (for ionic compounds) in their gaseous state.
xanthene dye
Any of a group of dyes having a molecular structure related to that of xanthene in which the aromatic (C6H4) groups are the chromophore.
Ternary Compound
A compound consisting of three elements, may be ionic or covalent.
