M

Molecular Ion

M⁺ (molecular ion): intact molecule minus one electron; base peak: most abundant fragment
Quick Reference
Formula / NotationM⁺ (molecular ion): intact molecule minus one electron; base peak: most abundant fragment
Also Known AsM⁺, M⁺• (EI), [M+H]⁺ (ESI), parent ion, molecular ion peak

What is Molecular Ion?

The ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses one electron to form M⁺ (radical cation). The molecular ion peak (M⁺) in a mass spectrum corresponds to the molecular mass of the compound and provides the molecular formula when combined with exact mass measurements.

Formula & Notation

M⁺ (molecular ion): intact molecule minus one electron; base peak: most abundant fragment

Other Names / Synonyms: M⁺, M⁺• (EI), [M+H]⁺ (ESI), parent ion, molecular ion peak

Properties & Characteristics

The molecular ion (M⁺• in EI-MS, [M+H]⁺ in ESI-MS) is the ion formed from the parent molecule in mass spectrometry without loss of any atoms. In electron ionisation (EI), the molecular ion is a radical cation (M⁺•) formed by loss of one electron. The molecular ion peak gives the molecular mass. In positive ion ESI (soft ionisation), protonated molecules [M+H]⁺ are observed. High-resolution MS gives the exact mass (monoisotopic) of the molecular ion, enabling formula determination.

Uses & Applications

The molecular ion peak in MS is used to: determine the molecular mass of a compound, infer the molecular formula (exact mass matching), identify unknowns by database searching, and in environmental analysis to confirm presence of specific target compounds at trace levels.

Safety Information

No direct safety concern. Mass spectrometric molecular ion analysis is used in forensic toxicology to identify drugs of abuse, poisons, and environmental contaminants. Exact mass confirmation is increasingly required in pharmaceutical regulatory submissions (FDA, EMA).

Always consult the SDS/MSDS before handling any chemical. This information is for educational purposes only.

Key Facts

Term Molecular Ion
Formula M⁺ (molecular ion): intact molecule minus one electron; base peak: most abundant fragment
Synonyms M⁺, M⁺• (EI), [M+H]⁺ (ESI), parent ion, molecular ion peak

Frequently Asked Questions

The ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses one electron to form M⁺ (radical cation). The molecular ion peak (M⁺) in a mass spectrum corresponds to the molecular mass of the compound and provides the molecular formula when combined with exact mass measurements.

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