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Downs Cell

Electrolysis of molten NaCl: 2NaCl(l) → 2Na(l) + Cl₂(g)
Quick Reference
Formula / NotationElectrolysis of molten NaCl: 2NaCl(l) → 2Na(l) + Cl₂(g)
Also Known AsDowns process, sodium electrochemical cell, molten NaCl electrolysis cell

What is Downs Cell?

An industrial electrochemical cell used to produce sodium metal and chlorine gas by electrolysis of molten sodium chloride (NaCl). The cell operates at high temperatures (around 600°C). It was designed by James C. Downs and is important for sodium metal production.

Formula & Notation

Electrolysis of molten NaCl: 2NaCl(l) → 2Na(l) + Cl₂(g)

Other Names / Synonyms: Downs process, sodium electrochemical cell, molten NaCl electrolysis cell

Properties & Characteristics

The Downs cell is an industrial electrochemical cell used for the electrolytic production of sodium metal and chlorine gas from molten sodium chloride. It operates at about 600°C (NaCl melting point lowered to ~580°C by adding CaCl₂ flux). Sodium (liquid, less dense than molten NaCl) floats to the surface and is collected; chlorine gas rises from the graphite anode. Invented by James C. Downs.

Uses & Applications

The Downs cell is the principal industrial process for manufacturing sodium metal, used in production of tetraethyllead (historical), sodium peroxide, sodium hydride, titanium (Kroll process uses Na), and pharmaceutical intermediates. Chlorine produced is used in PVC, bleach, and water treatment.

Safety Information

Molten sodium metal is extremely reactive with water, causing violent combustion and generation of caustic NaOH and H₂. The Downs cell operates at high temperature with highly reactive molten materials; industrial facilities require extensive safety engineering, containment systems, and trained operators.

Always consult the SDS/MSDS before handling any chemical. This information is for educational purposes only.

Key Facts

Term Downs Cell
Formula Electrolysis of molten NaCl: 2NaCl(l) → 2Na(l) + Cl₂(g)
Synonyms Downs process, sodium electrochemical cell, molten NaCl electrolysis cell

Frequently Asked Questions

An industrial electrochemical cell used to produce sodium metal and chlorine gas by electrolysis of molten sodium chloride (NaCl). The cell operates at high temperatures (around 600°C). It was designed by James C. Downs and is important for sodium metal production.

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