D

Deuterium

²H or D; ²₁H; deuterium nucleus = deuteron (p + n)
Quick Reference
Formula / Notation²H or D; ²₁H; deuterium nucleus = deuteron (p + n)
Also Known AsHeavy hydrogen, ²H, D, deuterium isotope, heavy hydrogen isotope

What is Deuterium?

A stable isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron in its nucleus (symbol: ²H or D). It has approximately twice the mass of ordinary hydrogen. Heavy water (D₂O) contains deuterium instead of regular hydrogen and is used as a moderator in nuclear reactors.

Formula & Notation

²H or D; ²₁H; deuterium nucleus = deuteron (p + n)

Other Names / Synonyms: Heavy hydrogen, ²H, D, deuterium isotope, heavy hydrogen isotope

Properties & Characteristics

Deuterium (D or ²H) is a stable, naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron. It constitutes ~0.0156% of natural hydrogen. Its mass (2.014 amu) is roughly twice that of protium (¹H), giving it distinctly different physical properties: deuterium oxide (D₂O, heavy water) has a boiling point of 101.4°C and freezing point of 3.81°C. Kinetic isotope effects (KIE) make C-D bonds ~6-10× harder to break than C-H bonds.

Uses & Applications

Deuterium is used as a neutron moderator in heavy water reactors (CANDU), as a tracer in NMR spectroscopy (deuterated solvents: CDCl₃, DMSO-d₆), in mechanistic studies via kinetic isotope effects, and in deuterium-labelled drugs to extend metabolic stability (selectively replacing metabolically labile C-H bonds).

Safety Information

Deuterium gas (D₂) is flammable (same hazard profile as hydrogen). Heavy water (D₂O) is of very low toxicity in small amounts but high doses impair biological processes. Tritium (³H) is the radioactive hydrogen isotope and poses internal radiation hazard.

Always consult the SDS/MSDS before handling any chemical. This information is for educational purposes only.

Key Facts

Term Deuterium
Formula ²H or D; ²₁H; deuterium nucleus = deuteron (p + n)
Synonyms Heavy hydrogen, ²H, D, deuterium isotope, heavy hydrogen isotope

Frequently Asked Questions

A stable isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron in its nucleus (symbol: ²H or D). It has approximately twice the mass of ordinary hydrogen. Heavy water (D₂O) contains deuterium instead of regular hydrogen and is used as a moderator in nuclear reactors.

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