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Atomic Orbital

ψ(r,θ,φ): quantum wavefunction; P = |ψ|²
Quick Reference
Formula / Notationψ(r,θ,φ): quantum wavefunction; P = |ψ|²
Also Known AsElectron orbital; atomic wavefunction; quantum orbital; s/p/d/f orbital

What is Atomic Orbital?

An atomic orbital is a mathematical function (wavefunction, ψ) that describes the region of space around an atom's nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found. Each orbital is characterised by three quantum numbers (n, l, m_l) and can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins (Pauli exclusion principle). Types include s, p, d, and f orbitals.

Formula & Notation

ψ(r,θ,φ): quantum wavefunction; P = |ψ|²

Other Names / Synonyms: Electron orbital; atomic wavefunction; quantum orbital; s/p/d/f orbital

Properties & Characteristics

Described by quantum numbers n (principal), l (angular momentum), m_l (magnetic); probability density = |ψ|²; s-orbitals: spherical; p-orbitals: dumbbell-shaped; d-orbitals: complex shapes; each holds max 2 electrons (opposite spin); energy increases with n; degenerate within same subshell

Uses & Applications

Foundation of chemical bonding theory; explaining periodic table trends; molecular orbital theory; predicting molecular shapes and reactivity; spectroscopic analysis; understanding electron configuration

Safety Information

No hazard — a quantum mechanical model of electron distribution.

Always consult the SDS/MSDS before handling any chemical. This information is for educational purposes only.

Key Facts

Term Atomic Orbital
Formula ψ(r,θ,φ): quantum wavefunction; P = |ψ|²
Synonyms Electron orbital; atomic wavefunction; quantum orbital; s/p/d/f orbital

Frequently Asked Questions

An atomic orbital is a mathematical function (wavefunction, ψ) that describes the region of space around an atom's nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found. Each orbital is characterised by three quantum numbers (n, l, m_l) and can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins (Pauli exclusion principle). Types include s, p, d, and f orbitals.

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