A quantitative analytical technique in which a solution of known concentration (titrant) is added to a known volume of solution of unknown concentration (analyte) until the reaction is complete (equivalence point). The volume of titrant used allows calculation of the analyte concentration.
Other Names / Synonyms: Volumetric analysis, Titrimetry
Properties & Characteristics
Types: acid-base (e.g., NaOH vs HCl, indicator: phenolphthalein or methyl orange), redox (KMnO₄ vs Fe²⁺, self-indicating), complexometric (EDTA vs metal ions, indicator: eriochrome black T), precipitation (AgNO₃ vs Cl⁻, Mohr method). Equivalence point: stoichiometric completion. Endpoint: indicator color change. Primary standards (potassium hydrogen phthalate for base, sodium oxalate for KMnO₄) must be pure, stable, high molar mass.
Uses & Applications
Quantitative analysis in quality control laboratories. Determination of acid strength, base concentration, water hardness. Clinical chemistry: blood glucose, cholesterol. Environmental testing: dissolved oxygen (Winkler method), water alkalinity. Pharmaceutical assay for active ingredient content. Industrial process control: acid content in vinegar, acidity in wine, NaOH in process streams.
Safety Information
Titrant chemicals range from mildly to severely hazardous. KMnO₄ is an oxidizer; concentrated NaOH causes burns. Potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) is carcinogenic — use dichromate-free alternatives where possible. Mercury(II) nitrate (used in Volhard method) is highly toxic. Always handle titrant solutions with gloves and in a ventilated area. Dispose of waste according to local regulations.
Always consult the SDS/MSDS before handling any chemical. This information is for educational purposes only.
A quantitative analytical technique in which a solution of known concentration (titrant) is added to a known volume of solution of unknown concentration (analyte) until the reaction is complete (equivalence point). The volume of titrant used allows calculation of the analyte concentration.
Quantitative analysis in quality control laboratories. Determination of acid strength, base concentration, water hardness. Clinical chemistry: blood glucose, cholesterol. Environmental testing: dissolved oxygen (Winkler method), water alkalinity. Pharmaceutical assay for active ingredient content. I…
Titrant chemicals range from mildly to severely hazardous. KMnO₄ is an oxidizer; concentrated NaOH causes burns. Potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) is carcinogenic — use dichromate-free alternatives where possible. Mercury(II) nitrate (used in Volhard method) is highly toxic. Always handle titrant solut…
The formula or notation for Titration is: Titrant volume × Titrant concentration = Analyte amount (from mole ratio)
Editorial standards: Chemical data is sourced from peer-reviewed literature,
CAS Registry, NIST WebBook, and PubChem. Safety information reflects guidance from OSHA, ECHA,
and IAEA. For educational purposes only — always consult official SDS documentation and qualified
professionals before handling chemicals.
