I

Indicator

Visual pH/endpoint indicator; e.g., phenolphthalein: colourless (acid) → pink (base)
Quick Reference
Formula / NotationVisual pH/endpoint indicator; e.g., phenolphthalein: colourless (acid) → pink (base)
Also Known AspH indicator, titration indicator, visual indicator, acid-base indicator

What is Indicator?

A substance that changes color depending on the pH of a solution, used to signal the end point in acid-base titrations. Common indicators include litmus (red in acid, blue in base), phenolphthalein (colorless in acid, pink in base), and universal indicator.

Formula & Notation

Visual pH/endpoint indicator; e.g., phenolphthalein: colourless (acid) → pink (base)

Other Names / Synonyms: pH indicator, titration indicator, visual indicator, acid-base indicator

Properties & Characteristics

An indicator is a substance that changes colour (or other observable property) reversibly in response to a change in pH, redox potential, or metal ion concentration, signalling the end point of a titration. Acid-base indicators are weak acids (HIn) where the acid form has a different colour from the conjugate base (In⁻): HIn ⇌ H⁺ + In⁻. The transition range is approximately pKa ± 1. Common indicators: methyl orange (red→yellow, pH 3.1-4.4), phenolphthalein (colourless→pink, pH 8.2-10.0).

Uses & Applications

Indicators are used in: acid-base titrations (phenolphthalein, methyl orange, universal indicator), redox titrations (ferroin, starch for iodine), complexometric titrations (Eriochrome Black T for EDTA), as pH test strips (universal indicator on paper), and in qualitative tests (litmus for acid/base, starch for iodine, DNPH for carbonyls).

Safety Information

Some indicators are toxic or mutagenic (crystal violet, acridine orange, ethidium bromide used as DNA stains in gel electrophoresis). Methanol-based indicator solutions are flammable and toxic. Always check SDS for specific indicators. Phenolphthalein is a mild laxative but considered a possible carcinogen in large amounts.

Always consult the SDS/MSDS before handling any chemical. This information is for educational purposes only.

Key Facts

Term Indicator
Formula Visual pH/endpoint indicator; e.g., phenolphthalein: colourless (acid) → pink (base)
Synonyms pH indicator, titration indicator, visual indicator, acid-base indicator

Frequently Asked Questions

A substance that changes color depending on the pH of a solution, used to signal the end point in acid-base titrations. Common indicators include litmus (red in acid, blue in base), phenolphthalein (colorless in acid, pink in base), and universal indicator.

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