E

Essential Oil

Complex mixture of terpenes, terpenoids, phenols
Quick Reference
Formula / NotationComplex mixture of terpenes, terpenoids, phenols
Also Known AsEthereal oil; volatile oil; plant extract oil; aromatic oil; steam-distilled oil

What is Essential Oil?

Essential oils are concentrated, volatile aromatic compounds extracted from plants by steam distillation, cold pressing, or solvent extraction. They contain complex mixtures of terpenes, terpenoids, esters, aldehydes, alcohols, and phenols that give plants their characteristic fragrance. Essential oils are used in aromatherapy, perfumery, food flavouring, and as natural antimicrobials.

Formula & Notation

Complex mixture of terpenes, terpenoids, phenols

Other Names / Synonyms: Ethereal oil; volatile oil; plant extract oil; aromatic oil; steam-distilled oil

Properties & Characteristics

Volatile, aromatic, hydrophobic liquids; complex mixtures of 20–200+ compounds; main components: monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), oxygenated derivatives; soluble in alcohol and organic solvents; steam distillable; refractive index and optical rotation used for authentication

Uses & Applications

Perfumery and cosmetics; aromatherapy; food flavouring (peppermint, lemon, cinnamon, vanilla); pharmaceutical preparations (menthol, eucalyptol, thymol as antiseptics); natural insect repellents; cleaning products; food preservation

Safety Information

Many essential oils are skin sensitisers and irritants — never apply undiluted to skin. Some are phototoxic (bergapten in bergamot). Some are toxic internally (pennyroyal, wormwood, sassafras). Flammable liquids (low flash points). Keep away from children and eyes.

Always consult the SDS/MSDS before handling any chemical. This information is for educational purposes only.

Key Facts

Term Essential Oil
Formula Complex mixture of terpenes, terpenoids, phenols
Synonyms Ethereal oil; volatile oil; plant extract oil; aromatic oil; steam-distilled oil

Frequently Asked Questions

Essential oils are concentrated, volatile aromatic compounds extracted from plants by steam distillation, cold pressing, or solvent extraction. They contain complex mixtures of terpenes, terpenoids, esters, aldehydes, alcohols, and phenols that give plants their characteristic fragrance. Essential oils are used in aromatherapy, perfumery, food flavouring, and as natural antimicrobials.

More "E" Terms

View all "E" terms →
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z