R

Reduction

Fe³⁺ + e⁻ → Fe²⁺
Quick Reference
Formula / NotationFe³⁺ + e⁻ → Fe²⁺
Also Known AsElectron gain, Electroreduction, Hydrogenation (applied)

What is Reduction?

A process involving the gain of electrons, decrease in oxidation state, or loss of oxygen. In redox reactions, reduction always accompanies oxidation. The species gaining electrons is called the oxidizing agent. Reduction half-reactions occur at the cathode in electrochemical cells.

Formula & Notation

Fe³⁺ + e⁻ → Fe²⁺

Other Names / Synonyms: Electron gain, Electroreduction, Hydrogenation (applied)

Properties & Characteristics

Always paired with oxidation. Reducing agents (donate electrons): Li, Na, K, Al, Zn, Fe, H₂, CO, SO₂. Standard reduction potentials (E°): Li⁺/Li = −3.04V, Zn²⁺/Zn = −0.76V, H⁺/H₂ = 0.00V, Cu²⁺/Cu = +0.34V, O₂/H₂O = +1.23V, F₂/F⁻ = +2.87V. More negative E° = stronger reducing agent. Reduction at cathode in electrochemical cells.

Uses & Applications

Metal smelting (ore reduction): FeO + CO → Fe + CO₂ in blast furnace. Hydrogenation of unsaturated fats (food industry). Electroplating (metal deposition at cathode). Pharmaceutical synthesis (NaBH₄, LiAlH₄ as reducing agents). Antioxidants in food (vitamin C, vitamin E prevent oxidation). Refining of metals by electrolytic reduction.

Safety Information

Strong reducing agents (lithium, sodium, organolithium compounds) react violently with water and air. Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH₄) reacts explosively with water and causes fires. Handle under inert atmosphere. Pyrophoric materials ignite spontaneously in air — store in sealed containers under argon or hexane. Carbon monoxide (reducing agent in metallurgy) is acutely toxic (IDLH = 1200 ppm).

Always consult the SDS/MSDS before handling any chemical. This information is for educational purposes only.

Key Facts

Term Reduction
Formula Fe³⁺ + e⁻ → Fe²⁺
Synonyms Electron gain, Electroreduction, Hydrogenation (applied)

Frequently Asked Questions

A process involving the gain of electrons, decrease in oxidation state, or loss of oxygen. In redox reactions, reduction always accompanies oxidation. The species gaining electrons is called the oxidizing agent. Reduction half-reactions occur at the cathode in electrochemical cells.

More "R" Terms

View all "R" terms →
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z