Nucleophile
| Also Known As | Nucleophilic reagent, Lewis base (related), electron donor, Nu: |
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What is Nucleophile?
An electron-rich species that donates electrons to an electrophile in a chemical reaction. Nucleophiles attack electron-poor carbon atoms in substitution and addition reactions. Examples include OH⁻, CN⁻, NH₃, halide ions, and water. Nucleophilicity relates to electron availability.
Properties & Characteristics
Uses & Applications
Safety Information
Always consult the SDS/MSDS before handling any chemical. This information is for educational purposes only.
Key Facts
Frequently Asked Questions
An electron-rich species that donates electrons to an electrophile in a chemical reaction. Nucleophiles attack electron-poor carbon atoms in substitution and addition reactions. Examples include OH⁻, CN⁻, NH₃, halide ions, and water. Nucleophilicity relates to electron availability.
Nucleophiles are central to: SN2 reactions (backside attack), SN1 reactions (carbocation capture), addition to carbonyl groups (nucleophilic addition), Michael additions (1,4-addition of nucleophiles to enones), and biochemical reactions (enzyme active site nucleophiles, such as serine OH in serine …
Strong nucleophiles (cyanide CN⁻, organolithiums, Grignard reagents) are acutely toxic or dangerously reactive. CN⁻ is lethal. Organolithiums are pyrophoric and react violently with water and air. Handle all strongly nucleophilic reagents with appropriate inert atmosphere and safety measures.