The lowest energy state or most stable state of an atom, molecule or ion.
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Why do copper products change color, and what is the name of the process?
Probably, every person wants to know, why over time the copper turns green and becomes bloomed. This is easy to explain: that film is called patina.
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Protein Design: Automated protein discovery and synthesis
In this paper I describe (theoretically) the method(s) of automated protein discovery and synthesis.
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What's In Your Beverage? How to Ensure Quality Control with CO2 Analytical Support
Calibration standards, performance audits, and the FDA's never-ending safety, labeling, and inspection requirements are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to dealing with the increasingly stringent quality control standards of the beverage industry. As these quality standards become...
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Features of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented by Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig in the 1980s still manages to do a great job today and competes with more advanced microscope types. The scanning tunneling microscope is used for studying the surface atoms that are found on various materials. The...
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Use of diamonds
Diamond is a crystalline modification of pure carbon formed in the deep interior of the Earth, in the upper mantle at depths of more than 80-100 kilometers, at exceptionally high pressure and temperature. It is the most precious stone, the hardest and most wear-resistant mineral, the most...
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Nuclear Reaction
Involves a change in the composition of a nucleus and can evolve or absorb an extraordinarily large amount of energy.
Geiger counter
A gas filled tube which discharges electriaclly when ionizing radiation passes through it.
Solution
Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Transition State Theory
Theory of reaction rates that states that reactants pass through high-energy transition states before forming products.
Spectator Ions
Ions in a solution that do not participate in a chemical reaction.
Hydrometer
A device used to measure the densities of liquids and solutions.
Pairing Energy
Energy required to pair two electrons in the same orbital.
Photoelectric Effect
Emission of an electron from the surface of a metal caused by impinging electromagnetic radiation of certain minimum energy, current increases with increasing intensity of radiation.
Homogeneous Catalyst
A catalyst that exists in the same phase (solid, liquid or gas) as the reactants. The process is called Homogeneous Catalysis.
Molecular Orbital
An orbit resulting from overlap and mixing of atomic orbitals on different atoms. An MO belongs to the molecule as a whole.
