A reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
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Features of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented by Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig in the 1980s still manages to do a great job today and competes with more advanced microscope types. The scanning tunneling microscope is used for studying the surface atoms that are found on various materials. The...
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Interesting facts about metals
Metals have been used by people since ancient times. All the time the process of obtaining them was improved, useful alloys of various metals appeared. Let’s look at interesting facts about metals.
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Why do copper products change color, and what is the name of the process?
Probably, every person wants to know, why over time the copper turns green and becomes bloomed. This is easy to explain: that film is called patina.
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The most expensive metal in the world
Do you think the most expensive metal is gold? No! On earth there are more valuable metals. But we need to divide the value of metals that occur in nature, and metals - isotopes, which are obtained in special laboratories. Let’s look at natural metals first.
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Varieties of garnet minerals
The most famous type of garnet stone is pyrope (flaming). This is the "oldest of garnets", with a dense red color, similar to the grain of an edible garnet. Pyrope has a variety called rhodolite - a stone of dense pink or pink-purple color, which sometimes has the alexandrite effect and is used in...
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Net Ionic Equation
Equation that results from canceling spectator ions and eliminating brackets from a total ionic equation.
Coordination Compound or Complex
A compound containing coordinate covalent bonds.
Alkenes (Olefins)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
Fractional Precipitation
Removal of some ions from solution by precipitation while leaving other ions with similar properties in solution.
Effective Nuclear Charge
The nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons of an atom, the actual nuclear charge minus the effects of shielding due to inner-shell electrons.
Example: Set of dx2-y2 and dz2 orbitals, those d orbitals within a set with lobes directed along the x-, y-, and z-axes.
Rate of Reaction
Change in the concentration of a reactant or product per unit time.
Wild patina, is it so bad?
Usually this kind of patina appears on monuments. The most striking example is the Statue of Liberty in New York.
Stereoisomers
Isomers that differ only in the way that atoms are oriented in space, consist of geometrical and optical isomers.
Electromotive Series
The relative order of tendencies for elements and their simple ions to act as oxidizing or reducing agents, also called the activity series.
Supercritical Fluid
A substance at temperature above its critical temperature.
