A reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
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- Varieties of garnet minerals
The most famous type of garnet stone is pyrope (flaming). This is the "oldest of garnets", with a dense red color, similar to the grain of an edible garnet. Pyrope has a variety called rhodolite - a stone of dense pink or pink-purple color, which sometimes has the alexandrite effect and is used in...
- Ozone
We breathe 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, consuming about 25 kg of air every day. It turns out that we practically predetermine our health by the air we breathe.
- What's In Your Beverage? How to Ensure Quality Control with CO2 Analytical Support
Calibration standards, performance audits, and the FDA's never-ending safety, labeling, and inspection requirements are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to dealing with the increasingly stringent quality control standards of the beverage industry. As these quality standards become...
- Why do copper products change color, and what is the name of the process?
Probably, every person wants to know, why over time the copper turns green and becomes bloomed. This is easy to explain: that film is called patina.
- Use of diamonds
Diamond is a crystalline modification of pure carbon formed in the deep interior of the Earth, in the upper mantle at depths of more than 80-100 kilometers, at exceptionally high pressure and temperature. It is the most precious stone, the hardest and most wear-resistant mineral, the most...
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Metallurgy
Refers to the overall processes by which metals are extracted from ores.
Electrodes
Surfaces upon which oxidation and reduction half-reactions, occur in electrochemical cells.
Nuclear Reactor
A system in which controlled nuclear fisson reactions generate heat energy on a large scale, which is subsequently converted into electrical energy.
Supersaturated Solution
A solution that contains a higher than saturation concentration of solute, slight disturbance or seeding causes crystallization of excess solute.
Group
A vertical column in the periodic table, also called a family.
Bond Energy
The amount of energy necessary to break one mole of bonds of a given kind (in gas phase).The amount of energy necessary to break one mole of bonds in a substance, dissociating the sustance in the gaseous state into atoms of its elements in the gaseous state.
Nodal Plane
A region in which the probability of finding an electron is zero.
Lewis Acid
Any species that can accept a share in an electron pair.
Surface Tension
It is the force in dynes acting along the surface of the liquid 1cm in length and perpendicular to it.
Atmosphere
A unit of pressure, the pressure that will support a column of mercury 760 mm high at 0 °C.
