A theory of chemical bonding based upon the postulated existence of molecular orbitals.
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Standard Electrode Potential
By convention, potential, Eo, of a half-reaction as a reduction relative to the standard hydrogen electrode when all species are present at unit activity.
Metalloids
Elements with properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals: B, Al, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, and At.
Thermodynamics
The study of the energy transfers accompanying physical and chemical processes.
Lanthanide Contraction
A decrease in the radii of the elements following the lanthanides compared to what would be expected if there were no f-transition metals.
Square Planar
A term used to describe molecules and polyatomic ions that have one atom in the center and four atoms at the corners of a square.
Polymorphous
Refers to substances that crystallize in more than one crystalline arrangement.
Electrode Potentials
Potentials, E, of half-reactions as reductions versus the standard hydrogen electrode.
Equation of State
An equation that describes the behavior of matter in a given state, the van der Waals equation describes the behavior of the gaseous state.
Coordinate Covalent Bond
A covalent bond in which both shared electrons are donated by the same atom, a bond between a Lewis base and a Lewis acid.
Phosphoric Acid
H3P04, Colorless liquid or rhombic crystals, decomposes before it will boil. Used mostly in the metal etchant. Used in cleaning operations to remove encrusted surface matter and mineral scale found on metal equipment such as boilers and steam producing equipment. Also used to brighten metals and remove rust.
